Neurology is the branch of medicine focused on the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body. Pediatric neurology applies this focus specifically to children, addressing conditions that affect neurological development and function. A child may see a pediatric neurologist for epilepsy, cerebral palsy, headaches, developmental delays, or movement disorders; they also can receive treatment for genetic conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. Here is more information about diagnostic tools neurologists use to diagnose neurological conditions in children:
Role of Imaging
Imaging tests in pediatric neurology give providers a visual look at the brain and nervous system, and they are a foundational part of neurological diagnosis. Here are some examples of diagnostic imaging a neurologist may use as part of a diagnosis:
- MRI: helps diagnose brain tumors, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and structural abnormalities of the brain or spinal cord.
- CT scan: is used to detect brain bleeds, skull fractures, and acute injuries requiring fast evaluation.
- X-ray: identifies bone abnormalities and spinal issues.
- PET scan: helps evaluate brain metabolism in cases of epilepsy and brain tumors.
- Cranial ultrasound: is used in newborns to detect hydrocephalus and intraventricular hemorrhage.
Neurological and Cognitive Testing
An electroencephalogram, or EEG, records the brain’s electrical activity, and neurologists use it to diagnose epilepsy, seizure disorders, and sleep-related brain activity abnormalities. The immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing, or ImPACT, tool measures memory and reaction time. It also measures processing speed, which helps the provider evaluate concussions in children and young athletes.
Clinical and cognitive assessments take a broader approach. Neurologists use these structured evaluations to diagnose ADHD and learning disabilities, and they can diagnose autism spectrum disorder and other developmental conditions, too. A thorough assessment that combines direct observation, standardized testing, and input from parents and teachers is the typical approach.
Laboratory Testing
Blood tests help neurologists identify metabolic disorders, infections, and thyroid dysfunction. These tests can also be used to diagnose conditions like anemia that affect neurological function. Urine tests detect metabolic diseases, and they identify toxic exposures that may be contributing to neurological symptoms.
Sensory and Functional Testing
Sensory and functional tests evaluate how well the nervous system is performing in real-world contexts. Visual and hearing tests diagnose optic nerve disorders and auditory processing disorders; they also detect sensory deficits that may point to broader neurological conditions. Vestibular function and eye movement testing help identify balance disorders and conditions affecting the cerebellum or brainstem.
Here are some examples of sensory and functional testing:
- Speech, intellect, movement, and development tests assess developmental delays, cerebral palsy, and coordination disorders.
- Sleep tests and sleep studies diagnose sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and seizure activity during sleep.
- An electrocardiogram measures heart rhythm, and neurologists use it to rule out cardiac causes of fainting or sudden loss of consciousness that may mimic neurological events.
Neurologists use a combination of the above tests and diagnostic tools to rule out or verify certain conditions.
Learn More About Pediatric Neurology
Pediatric neurologists use a range of tools to diagnose conditions affecting the developing nervous system; after testing is complete, the neurologist can discuss your symptoms and how they fit the suspected diagnoses. Treatment follows diagnosis and may include medication and therapy. If you want more information about how neurologists diagnose and treat neurological conditions, consult a neurology center near you.
